WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. FS Library 973 D25ngs. People of color who had been servants for life under Mexican law would become property. Section 107 related to Copyright and Fair Use for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. Brewer, John Mason. Most slaves in Texas worked: On plantations and farms. Truly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population resembled that of the Old South's famed Black Belt. Due to the state laws, he would receive half of the price he had paid. At the start of the Civil War, _____ was the commander of Union troops in Texas. There is at least one positive outcome that could come from reckoning with slave-owning family members of the past. Texas slaves had a family-centered social life and culture that flourished in the slave quarters, where slaves were largely on their own, at least from sundown to sunup. . Others hated their masters and their situation and rebelled by running away or using violence. [28], The Section 9 of the General Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, ratified in 1836, made slavery legal again in Texas and defined the status of the enslaved and people of color in the Republic of Texas. Donald S. Strong, "The Rise of Negro Voting in Texas," American Political Science Review Vol. PARENTAGE OF MARGARET FRENCH SLAUGHTER IN QUESTION. He Texas, Special Voter Registration, 1867-1869. This page was last modified 06:24, 6 May 2021. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. [33], Many churches in Texas accepted enslaved people as members. In 1860, the biggest slaveholders were Robert and D.G. For example, Jared Groce arrived from Alabama in 1822 with ninety slaves and set up a cotton plantation on the Brazos River. The Brazos department, including Austin's colonies and those of Green DeWitt, had exported 600,000 pesos worth of goods, including 5,000 bales of cotton. Slavery certainly promoted development of the agricultural economy; it provided the labor for a 600 percent increase in cotton production during the 1850s. MP for Horsham in 1808 and Sandwich (18121824). "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. West Feliciana: 127 slaves. Dallas, TX AngloAmerican settlers were very alarmed, but within a year the State Congress of Coahuila and Texas, some of its Tejano leaders impressed by the pleas of Austin's colonists concerning the need for labor and others distracted by debates over different issues, passed a law that used the familiar practice of indentured servitude to permit the bringing in of slaves under a different name. Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. Freedmen Towns Abraham Kuykendall 5 5. Sources Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." Meals often consisted of bread, molasses, sweet potatoes, hominy, and beef, chicken, and pork. WebAn 1857 notice advertised the sale of two likely negroesa man named Strut and a woman named Rachel to be held at the courthouse door in Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas, to settle an estate. The promise of ultimate deliverance helped many to resist the psychological assault of slavery. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. On the other hand, the institution may well have contributed in several ways to retarding commercialization and industrialization. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. [13], The United States outlawed the importation of enslaved people in 1808, but domestic trade flourished, especially in New Orleans during the antebellum decades. Democratic presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke holds a rally at Scholz Garten in Austin. WebList of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves A James Abercrombie (congressman) Adelicia Acklen Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen Joseph H. Acklen George Madison Adams Green Adams James Uriah Adams Joel Adams Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician) William Wirt Adams Henry Addison (mayor) Thomas Affleck (planter) D. Wyatt It could happen in public spaces with town halls and forums, it could happen in our own homes at our dining room tables and have a conversation about what does it mean to be part of this lineage?. Slavery was a labor system and although slaves obviously freed their owners from the drudgery of manual labor and daily chores, they were a troublesome property in many ways. [48], On some plantations, many enslaved people left immediately after hearing of the emancipation, even if their former owners offered to pay them wages. Slavery formally ended in Texas after June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth), when Gen. Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston with occupying federal forces and announced emancipation. 553 0 obj <>stream The greatest concentration of large slave plantations was along the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers in Brazoria, Matagorda, Fort Bend, and Wharton counties. Married Margaret French Strother 1778. Slavery, Slave clothing was made of cheap, coarse materials; shoes were stiff and rarely fitted. In 1865, 95% of the enslaved were illiterate.[39]. Samuel Murray 3 9. Slaveowners may not free their enslaved servants without Congressional approval unless the freed people leave Texas. Although not considered equals in the tribes, they were generally treated well. Other FamilySearch collections not included: More collections are available in the FamilySearch Catalog. 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. The General Provisions of the Constitution forbade any owner of enslaved people from freeing them without the consent of Congress and forbade Congress from making any law that restricted the slave trade or emancipated slaves. Later he was given leadership of a Spanish expedition. Some slaveowners did not free their enslaved people until late in 1865. Sugar. Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1) B. Bandera The African American Story | Texas State History Museum Monte Verdi Plantation family slaves honored in When Bradburn arrested Travis on suspicion of plotting an insurrection, settlers rebelled. [24], Exportation in the slave-owning areas of the state surpassed that of the non-slave-owning areas. 0 [47] The last battle of the war was fought at Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, in 1865. The last frontier of slavery was by no means closed on the eve of the Civil War. Medical care in antebellum Texas was woefully inadequate for Whites and Blacks alike, but slaves had a harder daily life and were therefore more likely to be injured or develop diseases that doctors could not treat (see HEALTH AND MEDICINE). Samuel King 3 7. Slavery in Waco. [17] At the same time, however, Mexico offered full citizenship to free blacks, including land ownership and other privileges. Most runaways attempted to go to Mexico. You can also look up Charleston Manifests by Slave Owner [table striped="true" Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 18211865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). Marie Therese Metoyer. 1 Introduction. [30] As planters increased cotton production, they rapidly increased the purchase and transport of enslaved workers. [41] See Underground Railroad South to Mexico. Ninety percent of the runaways were men, most between ages 20 and 40, because they were best equipped to deal with the long, difficult journey. The history of slavery in Texas began slowly at first during the first few phases in Texas' history. [14][15], In 1821 at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, Texas was included in the new nation. Congress shall not have the power to emancipate enslaved people. Moreover, individuals with family ties were probably more easily controlled than those who had none. The news organization used documents from, to confirm the connection. This page has been accessed 1,367 times. Dennis. For a complete list, please see: American slave owners Project Profiles. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and Slavery If I can figure out where an earlier County Coordinator found this I will properly reference it. hb```f`` a B,@Q 2;8V31o``89N[5Qly$%Np s6,?d4/(qMT%GY &@J@LF!b.n;30g@, g`fgdE:%D,,,?Tgnvcz.8USc`~XL8;0hT]"t AMJ- P Denwood was a Quaker and in early days often was in trouble with the court as he was suspected of harboring Quakers on their way up to Maryland. Slave houses were usually small log cabins with fireplaces for cooking. By 1865 there were an estimated 250,000enslaved people in Texas. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. The following information is included: The records are categorized by county. Slaves, however, tended to hear the message of individual equality before God and salvation for all. FS Library976.4 D2rte Vol 1-3. WebTruly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population [4] His account, along with those of the others, led to more extensive Spanish exploration of the new territory. In the fall of 1835, a group of almost 100enslaved people staged an uprising along the Brazos River after they heard rumors of approaching Mexican troops. Others simply called their enslaved people indentured servants without legally changing their status. Arthur Blake of Charleston, South Carolina: 538 slaves. I look at this and many of these opportunities as a place to teach and educate our country on our history because this is a part of our history that weve often sort of tucked under the rug or didnt give the details of that history, Berry says. Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528-1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, 2nd Edition). In the fewer than fifty years between 1821 and 1865, the "Peculiar Institution," as Southerners called it, spread over the eastern two-fifths of the state, an area nearly as large as Alabama and Mississippi combined. Some felt well-treated by their owners and generally behaved as loyal servants. [9] When some French and Spanish slaveholders moved to Texas, they were allowed to retain their enslaved people. Charles Heyward of Colleton, South Carolina: 491 slaves. Daina Ramey Berry is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act as unconstitutional,[55] a ruling which was shortly followed the implementation of Voter i.d. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. endstream endobj 510 0 obj <. [54] The drop in proportion of population reflected greatly-increased European immigration to the state in the 19th century, as well as population growth. To Berry, having slave-owning ancestors shouldnt disqualify someone form holding office. Most of the early slaveholders owned only a few enslaved people, but a few brought enough to build plantations immediately. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Thomas Love 7 4. One way or another they had to endure. They were not, and even the best-treated slaves dreamed of freedom. Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. [11] Under Austin's development scheme, each settler was allowed to purchase an additional 50 acres (20ha) of land for each enslaved person he brought to the territory. The average price of a slave, regardless of age, sex, or condition, rose from approximately $400 in 1850 to nearly $800 by 1860. Neal Family Papers, 1816-1916 Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell was confronted with similar information about his ancestors this month, but had a different reaction. Disputes over slavery did not constitute an immediate cause of the Texas Revolution, but the institution was always in the background as what the noted Texas historian Eugene C. Barker called a "dull, organic ache." 3 Vol. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. [29], The following year all those who had been living in Texas at the time of independence were allowed to remain. Although slave marriages and families had no legal protections, the majority of slaves were reared and lived day to day in a family setting. [24] Fifty percent of the enslaved people worked either alone or in groups of fewer than 20 on small farms ranging from the Nueces River to the Red River, and from the Louisiana border to the edge of the western settlements of San Antonio, Austin, Waco, and Fort Worth. Millions of Texans have rare diseases. Documenting Slavery in East Texas: Transcripts from Monte Verdi Although no major rebellions occurred, individual acts of violence against owners were carried out. After Jos Mara Jess Carvajal promised to return all escapees, more than 400Texans joined his revolt of 1851. University of Virginia. They had no property rights themselves and no legal rights of marriage and family. 5.4 Church Records. laws in Texas. In general, Texas slaves continued to work and live as they had before the war. Questions concerning its profitability are complex and always open to debate. Enslaved African Americans had maintained human strength and dignity even in bondage, and Texas could not have grown as it had before 1865 without the slaves' contributions. [8] A 1777 census of San Antonio showed a total of 2,060people, with 151 of African descent. Lambert Clayton 1 15. Theirs was apparently a favored position, at least in this regard. The central part of the state was dominated by subsistence farmers. Greg Abbott says if these corporate tax breaks return, renewable energy should be excluded, At these old-school restaurants in Texas, you feel like its an extension of your home, Gulf of Mexico warming at faster rate than global ocean, study finds. Instead, the majority recognized all the controls such as slave patrols that existed to keep them in bondage and saw also that runaways and rebels generally paid heavy prices for overt resistance. The evidence is strong, however, that in Texas slaves were generally profitable as a business investment for individual slaveholders. WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. 5.2 Cemeteries. Amid talk of reparations, political figures contend with their slave-owning ancestors. For example, slaves worked hard, sometimes at their own pace, and offered many forms of nonviolent resistance if pushed too hard. To circumvent the law, numerous Anglo-American colonists converted their enslaved people to indentured servants, but with life terms. FS Library976.4F2bjm 1970 Although Estevanico was still enslaved, after these events the Spaniards treated him more as an equal. I think thats what was interesting about his response, is that he didnt acknowledge that there was a history there, and that was brought out, and we know a lot more about his family history and about the enslaved people his family owned, Berry says. Federal Records that Help Identify Former Enslaved People [11] In 1809, the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, Nemesio Salcedo, ordered the Texas-Louisiana border to be closed to everyone, regardless of ethnic background. endstream endobj startxref One of the resolutions challenged Bradburn for "advising and procuring servants to quit the service of their masters, and offering them protection; causing them to labor for his benefits, and refusing to compensate them for the same. The slaves were owned by Julien Devereux and used to work an almost 11,000-acre plantation. It is a tough history and its a hard history and its a history that many Americans are not comfortable with, Berry says. Nevertheless, slavery was a curse to Texans, Black and White alike, until 1865 and beyond. WebTexas's enslaved population grew rapidly: while there were 30,000 enslaved people in Texas in 1845, the census lists 58,161 enslaved African Americans in 1850. WebSince there were no major battles during the war in Texas, slave life in the state continued relatively unaffected, other than the influx of refugee slaves. [6] Beginning in the 1740s in the Southwest, when Spanish settlers captured American Indian children, they often had them baptized and "adopted" into the homes of townspeople. A list of resources for African American research of ancestors who lived in Texas. In 1876 Texas adopted a new constitution requiring segregated schools and imposing a poll tax, which decreased the number of poor voters both black and white. 2021 Texas Standard. The slavery categories exist to help with tracking the genealogy and family history of pre-Civil War era slaves. Many worked in other parts of the state as cowboys herding cattle or migrated for better opportunities in the Midwest, California, or southward to Mexico. 1850 - History - U.S. Census Bureau A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin | Contact us, this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bastrop County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Bexar County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Bosque County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Brazos County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Burleson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Caldwell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Cass County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Chambers County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cherokee County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Collin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cooke County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Dallas County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), DeWitt County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Ellis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Falls County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Fannin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Fayette County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Fort Bend County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Freestone County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Galveston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Gonzales County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Grayson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Guadalupe County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 1), Harris County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Harrison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 6, 1), Hays County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Hill County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Hopkins County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Houston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Johnson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Kaufman County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Lavaca County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Leon County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Madison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Marion County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Matagorda County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), McLennan County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Milam County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Montgomery County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 5, 0), Nacogdoches County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Navarro County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Nueces County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Panola County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Polk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Red River County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Rusk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Sabine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), San Augustine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Shelby County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 9, 3), Smith County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Tarrant County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Titus County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Travis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Tyler County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Upshur County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Walker County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Washington County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Wharton County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0). United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 FamilySearch Every penny counts! [38] Unlike most southern states, Texas did not explicitly ban education of enslaved people, but most slaveholders did not allow the practice. %PDF-1.6 % 13, No. Whites in the area defeated and severely punished them. WebList of the largest American slave owners The list below is compiled from the 1860 United States Slave Census Schedule. John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. For a time, many enslaved ran away to Texas. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger and over 2,000 federal troops arrived at Galveston Island to take possession of the state and enforce the two-year-old Emancipation Proclamation. Leaders of the Mexican nation tended to oppose slavery, in part from revolutionary idealism and in part because slavery was not essential to the new nations economy, and therefore regularly threatened to limit or abolish the institution. WebThe slaves who remained on properties in South Carolina are counted on the South Carolina reports. These records often include full names, former masters and plantations, and current residences. LEVI JORDAN HISTORY Levi Jordan arrived in Texas in 1848. As Texas was much more distant from the Union Army lines for much of the war, enslaved people were unable to reach them. Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. Many slaves may have escaped such punishment, but every slave lived with the knowledge that he or she could be whipped at his owner's discretion. Manifests - Alphabetical by Slave Names | National Archives [52] By the late 19th century, Texas passed other Jim Crow laws. John Marshall (17551835), 4th When Family History Includes Ownership Of Slaves | Texas Standard List of slave owners - Wikipedia Copies of death certificates were sometimes attached to the entries. WebI believe it to be written in the late 19th to early 20th century and I provide it here as a historical article on slavery. [33] Enslaved people were not held between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. All ages were represented, however, from 5months to 60years. 509 0 obj <> endobj Residents of Texas, 1782-1836. Such documents include censuses, marriage records, and medical records. [35] Enslaved people often lived similarly to poor whites in Texas, especially those new to the territory and just getting started. To find Freedmen's Bureau records: Visit the African American Freedmen's Bureau Records page to learn more about utilizing these records. Sugar. During the late 1850s, prime male field hands aged eighteen to thirty cost on the average $1,200, and skilled slaves such as blacksmiths often were valued at more than $2,000. [7] The 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36enslaved people. Marr. To Anglo-American slave owners slavery was a practical necessity in Texas the only way to grow cotton profitably on its vast areas of fertile land. is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. Online collections of Freedman's Bank records: The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by the US government in 1865 until 1872 to assist former slaves in the southern United States. They often made matches with slaves on neighboring farms and spent as much time as possible together, even if one owner or the other could not be persuaded to arrange for husband and wife to live on the same place. Slaves freed in America before the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. The 1867 Voter Registration includes names of voters who registered in the period between 1867 and 1869. Some slave hunters illegally traveled to Mexico and captured runaways. Several enslaved people ran away to serve with Mexican forces. Many of the fires had coincided with a summer drought, and new matches were susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Slavery expanded rapidly during the period of the republic. The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. But Texas was once the site of an illegal racket led by pirates who brought slaves into the state and sold them throughout the United New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Galveston and Houston, too. Web1800 Slave Owners 1. The census in IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. They fought bitterly against the disruption of their families by sale or migration and at times virtually forced masters to respect family ties. "[citation needed], As the Texas Revolution began in 1835, some enslaved people sided with Mexico, which provided for freedom. slavery On the other hand, the legislature created political segregation; it classified free residents with at least 1/8 African heritage (the equivalent to one great-grandparent) as a separate category, and abrogated their citizens' rights, prohibiting them from voting, owning property, testifying against whites in court, or intermarrying with whites. In 1860 there were 3,017 slaves in Marion county 1,406 males, 1,611 females. After statehood, in antebellum Texas, slavery grew even more rapidly. The cotton industry flourished in East Texas, where enslaved labor became most widely used. The son of Capt. Texas WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. The practice was common until its abolition in 1865 with the end of the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Slaves in general did not lash out constantly against all the limits placed on them that would have brought intolerable punishment but they did not surrender totally to the system, either. American slave owners or slaveholders were owners of slaves in the United States which typically worked either as agriculture laborers or house servants.
