[36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity /F4 24 0 R 16 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /F6 26 0 R 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. endobj -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. Deep Thinkers, Cognitive Misers, and Moral Responsibility - JSTOR /CS /DeviceRGB For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. Cognitive miser - HandWiki Tears in the Graeco-Roman World - academia.edu >> Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! /Tabs /S In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /Font << xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z
Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. What is the dual process model of persuasion? /FirstChar 32 /Type /StructElem [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. a. Under what conditions are people most likely to help? << First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the . Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Type /Page /Group << Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. << >> -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. /Parent 2 0 R System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /Type /Group 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R /Type /Font /GS8 28 0 R PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Parent 2 0 R [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. /F4 24 0 R Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape 20 . << as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category What factors affect obedience? [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. (PDF) Street Teaching in the Tenderloin | SRI ANAH - Academia.edu How pervasive is prejudice today? /Slide /Part Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. >> -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. /ToUnicode 367 0 R The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. 5,000 & 8,000 \\ The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. Olivier . She chooses to stop deliberation and act What is an internal versus an external attribution? Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. >> -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. Describe his findings. meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. >> 1,000 & 12,000 [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /Contents 45 0 R >> << /Font << They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. /StructParents 12 Week 3 Social Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] Cookie policy. [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R endobj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. << The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. /Type /Page In par-ticular, this need . How does a "flawed scientist" reason? Heuristics are one way that we save resources. When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. Contents. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /GS8 28 0 R /ParentTree 19 0 R << Add to folder /Subtype /Type1 17 0 obj >> Naive scientist b. -Becoming less pervasive However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". << Nathaniel . 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? /Type /Font /F4 24 0 R /Tabs /S /F2 22 0 R >> /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R /StructParents 11 /ExtGState << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /StructParents 8 << 14 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Annots [34 0 R] perception of our world. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /CS /DeviceRGB /Contents 39 0 R variability, when the category is. These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /Footer /Sect -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating /F1 21 0 R Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. >> [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one << /F1 21 0 R De Neys . For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. membership. -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior 2 0 obj<>stream
282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] . /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 22 0 obj Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? 3 0 obj [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Contents 42 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /GS8 28 0 R [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). endobj >> Psychology of Social Behaviors Cheat Sheet - Nave Scientist: need to 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R /Subtype /TrueType Rational and Irrational Thought: The Thinking That IQ Tests Miss miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /Tabs /S >> What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. /LastChar 32 Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R based on similarity. /Macrosheet /Part This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. << 5 0 obj << CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com
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