Conflict between and among these states led to the creation of professional armies, which were consequently experienced and well trained. Early immigrants include: We use cookies to enhance your personalized experience for ads, analytics, and more. This was about 34% of all the recorded Hesse's in the UK. Langenselbold Kirchebuch, established with the Lutheran church in This order began to have influence only when "our Germans, teachable as they are" had learned to "stammer a little English." Following his death, his powerful duchy was divided into several regions - Hessen-Kassel, Hessen-Marburg, Hessen-Rheinfels, and Hessen-Darmstadt, one each for his four sons. Konrad (b. Hessian Family History. Kirchenbcher und Standesregister fr alle Wohnpltze im Land Hessen. % Movies Like Fireproof On Netflix, Hessians played a key role in the Revolutionary War, particularly in the northern theater. Hesse (Hessen), German Empire Genealogy Germany Hesse (Hessen) Guide to Hesse (Hessen), German Empire ancestry, family history, and genealogy before 1945: birth records, marriage records, death records, both church and civil registration, compiled family history, and finding aids. 1606) of 88 people with the last name Hessian In 1911 there were 42 Hesse families living in Ontario. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the UK, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. Lancashire had the highest population of Hessian families in 1891. 1610-1620) Find additional resources and helpful information from these associations and mailing lists dedicated to researching Hessian soldiers who remained in America. 1574) While regarded, both contemporaneously and historiographically, as mercenaries,[4] Hessians were legally distinguished as auxiliaries: whereas mercenaries served a foreign government of their own accord, auxiliaries were soldiers hired out to a foreign party by their own government, to which they remained in service. Source: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain, 2021. It is an Anglicized form of the Irish hOissn. . Discover the most common names, oldest records and life expectancy of people with the last name Hessian. An assortment of Hessians fought in the battles and campaigns in the southern states during 17781780 (including Guilford Court House), and two regiments fought at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. Hessian Soldier Family History - Ancestry.com Working against what the family called its "hushed tradition." they have traced their heritage to a Hessian rifleman in the Regiment von Knyphausen who came over with British troops in 1976 . You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more. Men's Names Adam(grandson b. Or check the index of mailing lists for a sound-alike name. Search Australian census records for Hessian, Operated by Ancestry Ireland Unlimited Company. The most Hession families were found in USA in 1920. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. [16], The characterization of Hessian troops as "mercenaries" remains controversial over two centuries later. best hunting game for oculus quest 2 hessian family names. }; Research the Hessian Surname History Find out where your family name is from, what your ancestors did for a living, and who they were, using Ancestry.com records. Hessians also served in Nova Scotia for five years (17781783), where they protected the colony from American privateers, such as during the 1782 Raid on Lunenburg. Top 100 Persian Last Names or Surnames With Meanings - FirstCry Parenting Hessian Family History: Last Name Origin & Meaning There are 1,000 military records available for the last name Hessian. Have information to share? Photos and 124 biographies with the Hessian last name. "The Foundation of British Strength: National Identity and the Common British Soldier." Darmstadt: Historische Kommission fr das Land Hessen, 1939. This was about 58% of all the recorded Hesse's in Canada. Other contingents came from Brunswick (4,300), Ansbach-Bayreuth (2,353), Anhalt-Zerbst (1,119), and Waldeck (1,225). Their troops entered the British service not as individuals, but in entire units, with their usual uniforms, flags, equipment, and officers. 1594) Names Directory. You can see how Hessian families moved over time by selecting different census years. The name has been spelled Usher, Ussher and others. [10][12] A self-styled enlightened despot, he also oversaw public-works projects, administered a public welfare system, and encouraged education. With over 30 billion (seriously!) Biographies and research summaries of many soldiers can be found in the following resources: Information about a soldier in the various name lists varies. 1608) Linux Kernel Programming Course, Pronunciation : case sensitive: see the pronunciation key for a guide on how to write the sounds; sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations * is a wildcard that will match zero or more letters in the pronunciation example: *lee matches names which end with the sound lee _ is a wildcard that will match exactly one letter in the pronunciation Book II:Immigrants from Hesse-Kassel 1840-1850. [2] The term is an American synecdoche for all Germans who fought on the British side, since 65% came from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. 1572) The state capital is Wiesbaden. Katharina (b. 1572) His database currently includes over 20,000 names from over 2,900 families, all in the Lower Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse and Hamburg region. "'Barbarous Strangers': Hessian State and Society during the American Revolution", Krebs, Daniel. Of the 12,526 who did not return, about 7,700 had died; some 1,200 were killed in action, and 6,354 died from illnesses or accidents, mostly the former. Hesse (/ h s /, US also / h s , h s i /, Hessian dialect: ) or Hessia (UK: / h s i /, US: / h /; German: Hessen ()), officially the State of Hesse (German: Land Hessen), is a state in Germany.Its capital city is Wiesbaden, and the largest urban area is Frankfurt, which is also the country's principal financial centre. Browse profiles of historical people with the Hessian last name, This page needs Javascript enabled in order to work properly. Peter (son b. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. Hans (son d. 1618) Most infantrymen were chasseurs (sharpshooters), musketeers, and fusiliers. Irish (Galway and Mayo): variant of Hesson . "[21] Hessian troops served in America on official duty from the armed forces of Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Hanau. The chaplain then recounts the case of a Jaeger subaltern who was assailed "by an Englishman in his cups" with the declaration: "God damn you, Frenchy, you take our pay!" %PDF-1.3 Johann (b. late 1500s, d. bef 3 Feb 1640) Hessian Last Name Popularity, Meaning and Origin ", This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:30. Becker (b. There are 909 immigration records available for the last name Hessian. Later in the war, due to death in battle, death by disease, and general desertion to settle in the Colonies, the regiments may have been reduced to only around 300 to 400 men. Hessians ( US: / hnz / or UK: / hsinz /) [1] were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. Hans (granddaughter b. Well before the American Revolutionary War, Hessian soldiers were familiar in battlefields across 18th-century Europe. German Soldiers in the American Revolution", Herbert M. Bahner and Mark A. Schwalm, "Johann Nicholas Bahner From Reichenbach, Hessen To Pillow, Pennsylvania", "Revolutionary War The Hessian involvement", 16 November 1776, he captured Fort Washington, "Chapter XXV: The Hessians in New Jersey", The Hessians and the other German auxiliaries of Great Britain in the revolutionary war, The German Element in the War of American Independence/5 German Mercenaries, Johannes Schwalm Historical Association website, Historical Project: Letters by a Hessian Officer, Diary and letters covering the role of Hessian troops in America, "Treaty with the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, signed January 15, 1776", Soldatenhandel under Friedrich I of Hessen-Kassel (German Wikipedia). Like a window into their day-to-day life, Hessian census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. Click. Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations. The surname HESSE is derived from the Germanic tribe of the Hessians. [5] The most Hesse families were found in the USA in 1880. authors of that source modernized or standardized the spellings. Faust (b. late 1500s in Wolferborn, Hesse, Germany, d. before 3 Feb 1640 in Langenselbold) In addition to the name, the following information may be included: town of origin, age, year of birth, rank, regiment, details about departure from service, and status. After the war, many POWs never returned to Germany and instead accepted American offers of religious freedom and free land, becoming permanent settlers one of which was the fifth great grandfather of American actor Rob Lowe. In 1911 there were 6 Hessian families living in Nova Scotia. In the two centuries leading up to the American Revolution, the continent was characterized by constant warfare, and military manpower was in high demand. In 1940, Laborer and Teacher were the top reported jobs for men and women in the USA named Hessian. There are 1,000 military records available for the last name Hessian. An unusually short lifespan might indicate that your Hession ancestors lived in harsh conditions. 1574) Engel (m. 1606) The most Hession families were found in USA in 1920. A total of 29,875 German troops fought alongside British troops in the Revolutionary War, of which 16,992 came from Hesse-Kassel and 2,422 from Hesse-Hanau. The Hessians (U.S. National Park Service) Roht (b. By contrast, British prisoners were also held in Lancaster, but these men did not respond favorably to good treatment and often tried to escape.[37]. . 1572) Click. Throughout the war, Americans tried to entice Hessians to desert the British, emphasizing the large and prosperous German-American community. *After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, it changed its name in 1816 to distinguish itself from the Electorate of Hesse, which had formed from neighboring Hesse-Kassel. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Hessian surname lived. Records may include photos, original documents, family history, relatives, specific dates, locations and full names. The names in this list were taken from Lower Canada land petitions. Henn (granddaughter b. Records of the Hessian Family, Share yesterday to connect today & preserve tomorrow, Copyright 1999-2023 AncientFaces, Inc. All Rights Reserved. [29], The Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton were paraded through the streets of Philadelphia to raise American morale; anger at their presence helped the Continental Army recruit new soldiers. You can see how Hessian families moved over time by selecting different census years. 1584) Anton(~1589) Anton(m. 1584) Balthasar(son b. Hans (m. 1586) Hesse (Hessen), German Empire Genealogy FamilySearch The Hessian family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. 1605). Date and port of arrival.Hometown, assets, occupation, and code of dossier may also be provided. 1567) Of this family was the gallant Admiral Sir Thomas Ussher." There are 2,000 military records available for the last name Hession. Huth, Hans, Carl Emil Curt von Donop, and C. V. Easum. Do not sell or share my personal information. Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations. Hesse - Wikipedia Apparently, this was a prerequisite for the English to show them any affection. ADVERTISEMENT Anton (m. 1584) Arizona State University Motto, Hessian military service was notably strict and demanding, emphasizing iron discipline through draconian punishment. Margarete (b. This was about 28% of all the recorded Hession's in USA. The U.S. Congress authorized the offer of land of up to 50 acres (roughly 20 hectares) to individual Hessian soldiers who switched sides. [11] The military was the dominant force in the country. . There are 1,000 military records available for the last name Hessian. The states' name derives from the medieval . The Hessian family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Rush Hockey 2020, 1572) (granddaughter b. Even if that is true, spelling of the name may have been changed over the years. Known for their discipline and martial prowess, around 30,000 Germans fought for the British during the war, around 25% of British land forces.[3]. Anime Awards 2023 name Cyberpunk: Edgerunners as Anime of the Year Contents. Lancashire had the highest population of Hessian families in 1891. The Hessen family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. The "Grand Duchy of Hesse" was originally formed on the basis of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806. The term Hessian Soldiers generally refers to German auxiliary troops hired by Great Britain to fight in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) alongside British troops. 25. View Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Hessian. Further research showed the name was derived from the Old French word l'ussier, meaning the door keeper. The most Hessian families were found in the USA in 1880. While its troops remained members of the Hessian military, and even fought in their national uniform, they were hired out for service in other armies, without their government having any stake in the conflict. 1584) 1567) 1570) There's No Crying in Basketball. Smith, Henry, see Schmidt, Heinrich, Hessians of N.S. 21% of Hession men worked as a Laborer and 14% of Hession women worked as a Stenographer. There are 12,000 census records available for the last name Hession. A list of German origin and Americanised family names. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. This collection will include records from 1627-1940. Nova Scotia had the highest population of Hessian families in 1911. For example: I have a Hessian! Researching family history is much more than just names and dates. At the commencement of the war, King George III of Great Britain needed additional troops to increase his fighting power. Do not sell or share my personal information. Records may include photos, original documents, family history, relatives, specific dates, locations and full names. Anglo-Norman names are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations. Have information to share? Protocol I (1977) to the Geneva Convention defines a mercenary as "any person who has not been sent by a State which is not a Party to the conflict on official duty as a member of its armed forces. *We display top occupations by gender to maintain their historical accuracy during times when men and women often performed different jobs. This was about 63% of all the recorded Hessian's in the UK. View Census Data for Hessian | Data not to scale. . [17] American historian Charles Ingrao describes Hesse as a "mercenary state" whose prince rented out his regiments to fund his governmental expenditures. In 1891 there were 75 Hesse families living in London. Ruppel (daughter b. 1570's) All Hessian males were registered for military service at the age of seven, and from the age of 16 until 30, had to annually present themselves to an official for possible recruitment. Katharina (b. 1584) Notwithstanding their reputation as skilled and disciplined fighters, many British soldiers shared the American distrust of Hessians, who often spoke little or no English and were perceived as crude and barbaric. Discover the family history, nationality, origin and common names of Hessen family members. This job held considerable status, as it entailed knowing the rank and status of all those who would enter the King's chambers. Wilhelm (d. 1643) Hesse Germany Genealogy Research Guide - RootsWeb Werner (granddaughter m. 1584), Anna (of Neunenhess., daughter b. In 1939, Coal Hewer Below and Unpaid Domestic Duties were the top reported jobs for men and women in the United Kingdom named Hessian. In 1714, 6,000 Hessians were rented to Sweden for its war with Russia whilst 12,000 Hessians were hired by George I of Great Britain in 1715 to combat the Jacobite Rebellion. Muster Rolls of Hessian units held at the Hessian State Archives in Marburg, made available by the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association (JSHA). 1584) Ph.D. Part 2: IDENTIFYING PRINCIPALITY, REGIMENT AND HOMETOWN . This was about 67% of all the recorded Hessian's in USA. "James Ussher, the celebrated Archbishop of Armagh, was a son of A. Ussher, one of the six clerks in Chancery, descended from a branch of the Norman family of De Neville, which assumed the name of Le Uschere or Le Huissier, from the office of Ostiarius granted to them by King John. Merged grenadier battalions (from grenadier companies of several fusilier and musketeer regiments): 2nd Battalion Grenadiers von Block (later von Lengerke), 3rd Battalion Grenadiers von Minnigerode (later von Lwenstein), 4th Battalion Grenadiers von Khler (later von Graf; von Platte), Garrison Regiment von Huyn (later von Benning), Garrison Regiment von Stein (later von Seitz; von Porbeck), Garrison Regiment von Wissenbach (later von Knoblauch), Leib Infantry Regiment (Leib-Infanterie-Regiment), Musketeer Regiment von Mirbach (later Jung von Lossberg (1780)), Musketeer Regiment von Wutgenau (later Landgraf (1777)), First Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (18041812, red jacket); change to the First Light Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (18121816, blue jacket), Second Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (18051812, red jacket); change to the Second Light Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (18121816, blue jacket), Fetter, Frank Whitson. Prince William was a Freemason, and his younger brother Karl, was according to JEWS AND FREEMASONS IN EUROPE, 1723-1939, accepted as the head of all German Freemasons. Ernest Louis was the fourth child and eldest son of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Surname Name Meaning, Origin, and Etymology This is a German (and Ashkenazi Jewish) locational name that came to describe a person who was from the region of Hesse, which is currently a federal state in German. Paul (b. There is also important information about the meaning of your last name, its most popular first names and the genealogy of your last name. 1609) [30] Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farmhands.[31]. The Hessian family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Officers were usually well-educated, and in contrast to most European armies, promoted on the basis of merit. Balthaser (d. bet. Konrad (m. 1584) Attack on Titan, Spy x Family, Demon Slayer, and Jujutsu Kaisen 0 nabbed the major awards for new anime, returning anime, anime movie, and anime performances at Crunchyroll's 2023 Anime Awards . Between 1956 and 2004, in the United States, Hessian life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1956, and highest in 2004. Between 1956 and 2004, in the United States, Hessian life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1956, and highest in 2004. The English name "Hesse" comes from the Hessian dialect. First names for Hessian. The site was last updated on Nov 11 2021, and it currently has . For troops from other German states who fought in the American Revolution, see. [38] About 5,000 German troops, most of whom had been press-ganged or conscripted in their countries of origin, opted to settle in either the United States or Canada. Lancashire had the highest population of Hessian families in 1891. The Hessian family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Box 4422, Creative Tower, Hamad Bin Mohammed Street Fujairah, UAE, Education1st Recruitment & Consultancy 2018. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The Battenberg family was formerly a monarganic branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, rulers of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in Germany. Historical Background edit Anna (daughter [also Anna] b. Hessian last name - Hessian family - MyHeritage Elsa (son b. . Are there famous people from the Hessian family? Share their story. Hession - Wikipedia Here you will find the distribution of your surname sorted by countries! Her maternal family name was Kness and paternal Plock. The most Hessian families were found in USA in 1880. Hessian Hessian 10; Mohamed Hessian 8; Ahmed Hessian 7; Saddam Hessian 5; Iqbal Hessian 4; Imran Hessian 4; Imam Hessian 4; Hassan Hessian 4; Hamida Hessian 4; Hamdi Hessian 4; Hala Hessian 4; Aya Hessian 4; Ali Hessian 4; Mustafa Hessian 3; Mostafa Hessian 3; Jakir Hessian 3; Anwar Hessian 3; Abdo Hessian 3; Zawar Hessian 2; Zakir Hessian 2 . Orth (daughter m. 1584) (granddaughter m. 1584) Around 1,000 Hessians were defeated, killed, and captured by a raw, untrained militia force from Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 1584) 1572) 1,501 birth records, View 70 Funny March Madness Bracket Names 2023 - Parade: Entertainment Mauch, Christof. Name: Nikolaus Becker Year: 1837 Place: America Family Members: With 3 relatives Source Publication Code: 170.16 Primary Immigrant: Becker, Nikolaus Annotation: Hessian Immigrants: Index to Family Names. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. Removing this item from your shopping cart will remove your associated sale items. There are 103 names in our family site. 1574) Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Hanau, and Waldeck Troops, German Auxiliaries Muster Rolls, 1776-1786 (bulk 1781-1783), Acta militaria of the Brunswick troops which served in America, List of Hessian Officers (Of the Convention) who signed Paroles at Cambridge 13 December 1777, Johannes Schwalm Historical Association, Military and Naval Microfilm Archive, Baptisms, marriages, burials, marriages index B-S and burials index A-Z 1776-1783, Baptisms 1778-1781, baptisms index B-W 1776-1783, Prince Friedrich Regiment with six companies: Baptisms, marriages and burials 1776-1783, Dragoon Regiment: Baptisms, burials, communicants and marriages 1776-1777, von Berner Battalion: Baptisms, burials and marriages 1776-1777, German Soldiers of "OUR" Members and Others, List of 550 marriages of Hessians performed in Quebec, U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500-1900s, Names of Persons Who Took the Oath of Allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania Between the Years 1777 and 1789, FS Library US/CAN 973 W2smn no. Cunz (granddaughter b. 100% of Hessian men worked as a Coal Hewer Below and 100% of Hessian women worked as an Unpaid Domestic Duties. We found 205,299 records for Hessian last name See Hessian in the 1950 US Census 4,476 Family Trees 3,118 Census & Voter Lists 2,436 Birth, Marriage & Death 2,191 Photos View all records For the veterans among your Hessian ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions. William le Usser or Lussier was found in the Assize Rolls for Somerset in 1243 and later, Geoffrey le Uscher was listed in Cambridgeshire in 1300. We don't have any information on the history of the Hessian name. [22] Protocol I also requires a mercenary to be "promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the armed forces of that Party. Hessian Name Meaning & Hessian Family History at Ancestry.com BY ANCESTRY.COM, 1,501 birth, 141 death, 53 marriage, 8 divorce, View 1572) Ontario had the highest population of Hesse families in 1911. Many settled in German-speaking areas in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and the Carolinas. [32] These included Nicholas Bahner(t), Jacob Trobe, George Geisler, and Conrad Grein (Konrad Krain),[33] who were a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being returned in exchange for American prisoners of war. ), Hesse, Germany) A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. Ursula (d. 1617), Adam (b. 24. Treit (d. 1615) When the Normans became the ruling people of England in the 11th century, they introduced a new language into a society where the main languages of Old and later Middle English had no definite spelling rules. The most Hesse families were found in the USA in 1880. Ingrao, Charles. In 1891 there were 75 Hesse families living in London. Kniess (son b. Hans (b. The most Hessian families were found in USA in 1880. Soldiers were paid relatively high wages, and their families were exempt from certain taxes. We don't have any information on the origins of the Hessian name. 1600) This is a great system that allows anyone like you and me to create a private site for their family, build their family tree and share family photos. The outraged Hessian replied: "I am a German and you are a shit." "[21] While not formally incorporated into the British military, Hessian troops were paid the same wages as British soldiers.[23]. View Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Hession. Smithmyer, Christian, see Schmidtmeyer. Prinz Carl K-4 Kassel Fuselier Regt. [2] The term is an American synecdoche for all Germans who fought on the British side, since 65% came from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. Hession (pronounced "hesh + in") is an old Connacht Irish surname. [7] American historian Edward Jackson Lowell lauded Friedrich II for spending British money wisely, describing him as "one of the least disreputable of the princes who sent mercenaries to America".[13]. These are the longest-lived members of the Hessian family on AncientFaces. You can see how Hession families moved over time by selecting different census years. Scherer (m. 1583) [34] These men were both hunted by the British for being deserters and by many of the colonists as a foreign enemy. "Images of America Political Myths Historiography: 'Hessians' in the War of Independence", Rogers, Alec D. "The Hessians: Journal Of The Johannes Schwalm Historical Association". Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in Australia, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. The Hesse family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Like a window into their day-to-day life, Hession census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. To field a large professional army with a relatively small population, it became the most militarized state in Europe: 5.2 to 6.7% of its population was under arms in the 18th centurywith one in four households having someone serving in the armya larger proportion than even heavily-militarized Prussia. The name Hessian came to England with the ancestors of the Hessian family in the Norman Conquest in 1066. In 1891 there were 43 Hessian families living in Lancashire. Game Gift Card, Benjamin Franklin, "The Sale of the Hessians", (1777). 4 0 obj An unusually short lifespan might indicate that your Hessian ancestors lived in harsh conditions. Discover the meaning of the Hessian name on Ancestry. xTdu;8np"(U9r:,s9 3. Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Germany's second . The American Declaration of Independence, written roughly a year after hostilities broke out, condemned King George III of "transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to [complete] the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation."
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